{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:calcium-ion",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Calcium-ion battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "calcium-ion",
      "name": "Calcium-ion battery",
      "abbr": "Ca-ion",
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A battery shuttling divalent Ca²⁺ ions, attractive because calcium is abundant and its metal sits only about 0.17 V above lithium’s potential while carrying two charges per atom. Practical cells remain elusive: calcium metal passivates in most electrolytes, reversible plating at room temperature was first shown in 2018, and Ca²⁺ moves slowly through host lattices.",
      "related": [
        "magnesium-ion",
        "sodium-ion",
        "passivation",
        "lithium-metal-anode",
        "intercalation"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/calcium-ion/",
      "mentions": [
        "room-temperature"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:calcium-ion/topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:calcium-ion/term:magnesium-ion",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:calcium-ion/term:sodium-ion",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:calcium-ion/term:passivation",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "term:passivation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:calcium-ion/term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:calcium-ion/term:intercalation",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/calcium-ion/room-temperature",
      "source": "term:calcium-ion",
      "target": "term:room-temperature",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Magnesium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "magnesium-ion",
        "name": "Magnesium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Mg-ion",
        "aka": [
          "magnesium battery",
          "rechargeable magnesium battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A battery with a magnesium-metal negative electrode shuttling divalent Mg²⁺ ions. Magnesium stores about 3,830 mAh per cubic centimetre, nearly twice lithium metal, and plates with less tendency to form dendrites. Progress is slow because the doubly charged ion diffuses sluggishly in most hosts; a 2000 prototype used a Chevrel-phase Mo₆S₈ positive at about 1.1 V.",
        "related": [
          "calcium-ion",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "dendrite",
          "solid-state-diffusion",
          "intercalation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/magnesium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Sodium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sodium-ion",
        "name": "Sodium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Na-ion",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative and a layered-oxide (NFM), polyanionic (NFPP, NVP) or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium or cobalt and needs no copper foil, so it can be stored at 0 V, at the cost of lower energy density.",
        "related": [
          "hard-carbon",
          "nfpp",
          "lithium-ion",
          "energy-density",
          "stationary-storage",
          "seawater-battery"
        ],
        "aka": [
          "SIB",
          "Na-ion battery",
          "sodium-ion cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sodium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "copper-foil",
          "nfm",
          "nvp",
          "cobalt",
          "polyanionic-cathode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:passivation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Passivation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "passivation",
        "name": "Passivation",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "The formation of a surface film that slows further reaction. In lithium-ion cells, the SEI passivates the graphite negative electrode.",
        "related": [
          "sei",
          "aluminium-foil",
          "formation"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/passivation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium metal anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-metal-anode",
        "name": "Lithium metal anode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-metal-battery",
          "dendrite",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "anode-free"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#why",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-metal-anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Intercalation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "intercalation",
        "name": "Intercalation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium-plating",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "alloying"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/intercalation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:room-temperature",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Room temperature",
      "properties": {
        "id": "room-temperature",
        "name": "Room temperature",
        "abbr": "RT",
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "The ambient temperature of a laboratory, usually taken as 23 or 25 °C. When a datasheet writes RT without a number the exact test temperature is unstated, and capacity, resistance and cycle life measured at 20 °C and 30 °C can differ.",
        "related": [
          "operating-temperature",
          "cycle-life",
          "datasheet"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/room-temperature/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}