{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:cementation",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Cementation",
    "properties": {
      "id": "cementation",
      "name": "Cementation",
      "section": "topic-recycling",
      "definition": "Removing a dissolved metal by adding a more reactive metal powder: copper comes out of the leach solution as metal while iron dissolves in its place (Cu²⁺ + Fe → Cu + Fe²⁺). It is a common first purification step in battery recycling.",
      "related": [
        "impurity-removal",
        "pregnant-leach-solution",
        "filter-press"
      ],
      "example": {
        "title": "Size the iron for a copper cementation",
        "text": "To remove 1.0 kg of dissolved copper, at least 0.88 kg of iron powder is needed, because one iron atom (55.85 g/mol) replaces each copper atom (63.55 g/mol). Plants dose more than this, since some iron also reduces ferric iron and reacts with the acid."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cementation/",
      "mentions": [
        "recycling"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:cementation/topic:topic-recycling",
      "source": "term:cementation",
      "target": "topic:topic-recycling",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cementation/term:impurity-removal",
      "source": "term:cementation",
      "target": "term:impurity-removal",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cementation/term:pregnant-leach-solution",
      "source": "term:cementation",
      "target": "term:pregnant-leach-solution",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:cementation/term:filter-press",
      "source": "term:cementation",
      "target": "term:filter-press",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/cementation/recycling",
      "source": "term:cementation",
      "target": "term:recycling",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-recycling",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Recycling and end of life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-recycling",
        "name": "Recycling and end of life",
        "lede": "What happens to a battery after its first life: reuse, and the recycling routes that recover its materials, step by step.",
        "context": "Distinguish recovered material from a qualified product.",
        "example": "High mass recovery alone does not establish battery-grade purity or refining energy demand.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open process context"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:impurity-removal",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Impurity removal",
      "properties": {
        "id": "impurity-removal",
        "name": "Impurity removal",
        "aka": [
          "purification",
          "iron and aluminium removal"
        ],
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Removing copper, iron and aluminium from the leach liquor before the valuable metals are separated, typically by cementation and by raising the pH until their hydroxides precipitate. Battery-grade products need impurities in the parts per million.",
        "related": [
          "leaching",
          "solvent-extraction",
          "precipitation",
          "cementation",
          "filter-press"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/impurity-removal/",
        "mentions": [
          "pregnant-leach-solution"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pregnant-leach-solution",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Pregnant leach solution",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pregnant-leach-solution",
        "name": "Pregnant leach solution",
        "abbr": "PLS",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "aka": [
          "leach liquor"
        ],
        "definition": "The solution that leaves the leach carrying the dissolved metals: lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, with copper, iron and aluminium as impurities. It is filtered from the leach residue and purified before the metals are separated.",
        "related": [
          "leaching",
          "lixiviant",
          "impurity-removal",
          "solvent-extraction",
          "filter-press"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pregnant-leach-solution/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:filter-press",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Filter press",
      "properties": {
        "id": "filter-press",
        "name": "Filter press",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "A stack of plates covered with filter cloth and clamped together hydraulically, into which a slurry is pumped: the liquid passes the cloth and the solids stay behind as a cake. Recycling plants use it after leaching, purification and precipitation.",
        "related": [
          "leaching",
          "impurity-removal",
          "precipitation",
          "cementation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/filter-press/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:recycling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery recycling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "recycling",
        "name": "Battery recycling",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recovering lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminium from end-of-life cells and production scrap. Scrap is today’s main feedstock; vehicle returns will dominate in the 2030s, and regulation now sets minimum recovery rates.",
        "related": [
          "black-mass",
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "pyrometallurgy",
          "direct-recycling",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "collection-target"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/recycling/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "production-scrap"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}