{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:module",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Module",
    "properties": {
      "id": "module",
      "name": "Module",
      "section": "topic-pack",
      "definition": "A group of cells connected in series and parallel, mechanically held together with its own voltage and temperature sensing, built as the unit from which a pack is assembled and serviced. Cell-to-pack designs do away with it.",
      "related": [
        "cell",
        "pack",
        "series-parallel",
        "cell-to-pack",
        "cell-supervision-circuit"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/module/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:usedIn/term:module/workflow:native-battery-parallel-group",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "workflow:native-battery-parallel-group",
      "type": "usedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:usedIn/term:module/workflow:native-battery-module",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "workflow:native-battery-module",
      "type": "usedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:usedIn/term:module/workflow:native-battery-module-assembly",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "workflow:native-battery-module-assembly",
      "type": "usedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:usedIn/term:module/workflow:native-battery-pack-assembly",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "workflow:native-battery-pack-assembly",
      "type": "usedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:module/topic:topic-pack",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "topic:topic-pack",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:module/term:cell",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "term:cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:module/term:pack",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "term:pack",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:module/term:series-parallel",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "term:series-parallel",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:module/term:cell-to-pack",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "term:cell-to-pack",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:module/term:cell-supervision-circuit",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "term:cell-supervision-circuit",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:explainedIn/term:module/lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:illustratedBy/term:module/visual:pack",
      "source": "term:module",
      "target": "visual:pack",
      "type": "illustratedBy",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "workflow:native-battery-parallel-group",
      "type": "Workflow",
      "label": "Parallel cell group worked example",
      "properties": {
        "id": "native-battery-parallel-group",
        "title": "Parallel cell group worked example",
        "kind": "studio",
        "summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
        "steps": [
          "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
          "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
          "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
        ],
        "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 4 A, Cell ambient temperatures = [298.15, 298.15] K, External cell heat inputs = [0, 0] W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 3.66 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
        "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
        "limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
        "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-parallel-group",
        "label": "Open Studio example",
        "evidence": [
          "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "workflow:native-battery-module",
      "type": "Workflow",
      "label": "Battery module worked example",
      "properties": {
        "id": "native-battery-module",
        "title": "Battery module worked example",
        "kind": "studio",
        "summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
        "steps": [
          "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
          "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
          "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
        ],
        "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 6 A, Cell ambient temperatures = [298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15] K, External cell heat inputs = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 10.92 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
        "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
        "limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
        "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-module",
        "label": "Open Studio example",
        "evidence": [
          "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "workflow:native-battery-module-assembly",
      "type": "Workflow",
      "label": "Module assembly worked example",
      "properties": {
        "id": "native-battery-module-assembly",
        "title": "Module assembly worked example",
        "kind": "studio",
        "summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
        "steps": [
          "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
          "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
          "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
        ],
        "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 6 A, Cell ambient temperatures = 12 channels each 298.15 K, External cell heat inputs = 12 channels each 0 W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 21.84 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
        "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
        "limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
        "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-module-assembly",
        "label": "Open Studio example",
        "evidence": [
          "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "workflow:native-battery-pack-assembly",
      "type": "Workflow",
      "label": "Battery pack assembly worked example",
      "properties": {
        "id": "native-battery-pack-assembly",
        "title": "Battery pack assembly worked example",
        "kind": "studio",
        "summary": "Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.",
        "steps": [
          "Review the block inputs, units and model limits.",
          "Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.",
          "Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again."
        ],
        "example": "Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 12 A, Cell ambient temperatures = 24 channels each 298.15 K, External cell heat inputs = 24 channels each 0 W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 21.84 V. Additional checks are listed below.",
        "observe": "Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.",
        "limits": "Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.",
        "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/cosim.html?example=block-battery-pack-assembly",
        "label": "Open Studio example",
        "evidence": [
          "docs/glossary/native-block-verification.json"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-pack",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Modules, packs and battery management",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-pack",
        "name": "Modules, packs and battery management",
        "lede": "From a single cell to a working battery system, and the electronics that keep it safe.",
        "context": "Make series/parallel architecture explicit.",
        "example": "Twelve 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells in 6s2p give 21.6 V, 10 Ah and 216 Wh nominally before other restrictions.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell",
        "name": "Cell",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The smallest complete electrochemical unit: two electrodes, a separator and electrolyte in one sealed case, with two terminals. Everything larger — module, pack, system — is cells connected together.",
        "related": [
          "module",
          "pack",
          "electrode",
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "pouch-cell",
          "prismatic-cell"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "example": {
          "title": "Cell versus pack",
          "text": "Six identical cells in series add their voltages, but do not multiply ampere-hour capacity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pack",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery pack",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pack",
        "name": "Battery pack",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The complete battery as installed: modules or cells, the BMS, contactors and fuses, busbars, cooling, sensors and an enclosure. Its energy is the sum of its cells’ energies; its mass and volume are a good deal more.",
        "related": [
          "module",
          "bms",
          "battery-disconnect-unit",
          "thermal-management",
          "cell-to-pack-ratio",
          "enclosure"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pack/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:series-parallel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Series and parallel connection",
      "properties": {
        "id": "series-parallel",
        "name": "Series and parallel connection",
        "aka": [
          "xSyP"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Cells in series add their voltages; cells in parallel add their capacities and share current. A pack is described as, for example, 96s4p: 96 groups in series, each of 4 cells in parallel. Series strings need balancing; parallel groups self-balance through their shared terminals.",
        "formula": "V = n_s·V_cell, Q = n_p·Q_cell",
        "related": [
          "module",
          "cell-balancing",
          "pack-voltage",
          "volt",
          "fuse"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "example": {
          "title": "Assemble an ideal 4s2p pack",
          "text": "Eight identical 3.6 V, 5 Ah cells arranged as four series groups with two cells in parallel give 14.4 V nominal, 10 Ah and 144 Wh. Interconnect losses, cell variation and usable voltage limits are additional constraints."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/series-parallel/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-to-pack",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell-to-pack",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-to-pack",
        "name": "Cell-to-pack",
        "abbr": "CTP",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Building the pack directly from cells without the intermediate module, using large-format cells that bear load themselves. It raises the cell-to-pack ratio and cuts parts, at the cost of making the pack harder to service.",
        "related": [
          "module",
          "cell-to-pack-ratio",
          "cell-to-chassis",
          "blade-cell",
          "ab-battery-system"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-to-pack/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-supervision-circuit",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell supervision circuit",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-supervision-circuit",
        "name": "Cell supervision circuit",
        "abbr": "CSC",
        "aka": [
          "cell monitoring unit",
          "CMU",
          "slave BMS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The board on each module that measures its cell voltages and temperatures and switches its balancing resistors, reporting to the central BMS controller. It is usually built around a dedicated monitoring chip and linked by isoSPI or CAN.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "cell-balancing",
          "isospi",
          "voltage-sense",
          "afe",
          "wireless-bms"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-supervision-circuit/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 0 · Battery basics",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "visual:pack",
      "type": "Visual",
      "label": "Series voltage and parallel capacity",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Series voltage and parallel capacity",
        "summary": "Count series and parallel connections separately.",
        "readout": "4S2P: 8 cells, 14.8 V, 10 Ah, 148 Wh.",
        "formula": "V_pack = Ns V_cell; Q_pack = Np Q_cell",
        "note": "Identical 3.7 V, 5 Ah cells; ideal equal current sharing and no losses.",
        "software": {
          "status": "reference",
          "label": "Reference concept",
          "body": "Ideal pack ratings use V_pack = Ns V_cell and Q_pack = Np Q_cell. The core energy helper can multiply these ratings. Imbalance and current sharing require additional models.",
          "href": "../fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/"
        },
        "html": "<figure class=\"visual-figure\"><figcaption>Voltage along one series string</figcaption><svg class=\"visual-chart\" viewBox=\"0 0 360 330\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"static-pack-0-title static-pack-0-desc\"><title id=\"static-pack-0-title\">Voltage along one series string</title><desc id=\"static-pack-0-desc\">Series cells versus Voltage (V). 3.7 V per cell. Interpretation follows the graphs.</desc><path d=\"M74,238h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">0</text><text x=\"74\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">0</text><path d=\"M74,188.5h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"192.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">11.1</text><text x=\"141\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">3</text><path d=\"M74,139h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"143\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">22.2</text><text x=\"208\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">6</text><path d=\"M74,89.5h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"93.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">33.3</text><text x=\"275\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">9</text><path d=\"M74,40h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">44.4</text><text x=\"342\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">12</text><path d=\"M74,40v198h268\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".3\"/><polyline fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2459a8\" stroke-width=\"2.8\" points=\"74.00,238.00 96.33,221.50 118.67,205.00 141.00,188.50 163.33,172.00\"/><text transform=\"translate(208 303)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Series cells</tspan></text><text transform=\"translate(20 139) rotate(-90)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Voltage (V)</tspan></text></svg><div class=\"visual-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#2459a8\"></i>3.7 V per cell</span></div></figure>\n<figure class=\"visual-figure\"><figcaption>Capacity from parallel cells</figcaption><svg class=\"visual-chart\" viewBox=\"0 0 360 330\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"static-pack-1-title static-pack-1-desc\"><title id=\"static-pack-1-title\">Capacity from parallel cells</title><desc id=\"static-pack-1-desc\">Parallel cells versus Capacity (Ah). 5 Ah per cell. Interpretation follows the graphs.</desc><path d=\"M74,238h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">0</text><text x=\"74\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">0</text><path d=\"M74,188.5h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"192.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">7.5</text><text x=\"141\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">1.5</text><path d=\"M74,139h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"143\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">15</text><text x=\"208\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">3</text><path d=\"M74,89.5h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"93.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">22.5</text><text x=\"275\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">4.5</text><path d=\"M74,40h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">30</text><text x=\"342\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">6</text><path d=\"M74,40v198h268\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".3\"/><polyline fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6953a8\" stroke-width=\"2.8\" points=\"74.00,238.00 118.67,205.00 163.33,172.00\"/><text transform=\"translate(208 303)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Parallel cells</tspan></text><text transform=\"translate(20 139) rotate(-90)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Capacity (Ah)</tspan></text></svg><div class=\"visual-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#6953a8\"></i>5 Ah per cell</span></div></figure>"
      }
    }
  ]
}