{ "node": { "id": "term:overall-recovery", "type": "Term", "label": "Overall recovery", "properties": { "id": "overall-recovery", "name": "Overall recovery", "section": "topic-recycling", "aka": [ "chain recovery", "route recovery" ], "definition": "The share of an element in the feed that ends up in the final product after every step of a recycling route, which is the product of the individual step recoveries. Several steps at 95 to 98 % each can bring a route below 90 %.", "related": [ "material-recovery-target", "recycling-efficiency", "black-mass", "leaching" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/overall-recovery/", "mentions": [] } }, "edges": [ { "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:overall-recovery/topic:topic-recycling", "source": "term:overall-recovery", "target": "topic:topic-recycling", "type": "belongsTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:overall-recovery/term:material-recovery-target", "source": "term:overall-recovery", "target": "term:material-recovery-target", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:overall-recovery/term:recycling-efficiency", "source": "term:overall-recovery", "target": "term:recycling-efficiency", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:overall-recovery/term:black-mass", "source": "term:overall-recovery", "target": "term:black-mass", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:overall-recovery/term:leaching", "source": "term:overall-recovery", "target": "term:leaching", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:illustratedBy/term:overall-recovery/visual:recycling-chain", "source": "term:overall-recovery", "target": "visual:recycling-chain", "type": "illustratedBy", "properties": { "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json" } } ], "neighbors": [ { "id": "topic:topic-recycling", "type": "Topic", "label": "Recycling and end of life", "properties": { "id": "topic-recycling", "name": "Recycling and end of life", "lede": "What happens to a battery after its first life: reuse, and the recycling routes that recover its materials, step by step.", "context": "Distinguish recovered material from a qualified product.", "example": "High mass recovery alone does not establish battery-grade purity or refining energy demand.", "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/", "lesson_label": "Open process context" } }, { "id": "term:material-recovery-target", "type": "Term", "label": "Material recovery target", "properties": { "id": "material-recovery-target", "name": "Material recovery target", "section": "topic-recycling", "aka": [ "recovery of materials", "material recovery rate" ], "definition": "The EU Battery Regulation's per-element targets for recyclers: by the end of 2027, 90 % of the cobalt, nickel and copper and 50 % of the lithium in waste batteries must be recovered, rising to 95 % and 80 % by the end of 2031. Each rate is the mass of the element recovered in usable form over its mass in the waste batteries.", "related": [ "recycling-efficiency", "collection-target", "eu-battery-regulation", "overall-recovery" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/material-recovery-target/", "mentions": [ "cobalt" ] } }, { "id": "term:recycling-efficiency", "type": "Term", "label": "Recycling efficiency", "properties": { "id": "recycling-efficiency", "name": "Recycling efficiency", "section": "topic-recycling", "definition": "The mass of a battery that ends up in useful products, as a share of the battery’s mass, calculated by the method fixed under the EU Battery Regulation; separate material recovery targets apply to lithium, cobalt, nickel and copper. Energy recovery by burning does not count.", "unit": "%", "related": [ "collection-target", "recycled-content", "eu-battery-regulation", "material-recovery-target", "overall-recovery" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/recycling-efficiency/", "mentions": [ "cobalt" ] } }, { "id": "term:black-mass", "type": "Term", "label": "Black mass", "properties": { "id": "black-mass", "name": "Black mass", "section": "topic-recycling", "definition": "The dark powder of mixed electrode materials left after end-of-life cells are discharged, shredded and separated from their casings, foils and separators. It is the traded intermediate that hydrometallurgical refiners buy.", "related": [ "recycling", "hydrometallurgy", "pyrometallurgy", "mechanical-pretreatment", "froth-flotation" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/black-mass/", "mentions": [ "electrode" ] } }, { "id": "term:leaching", "type": "Term", "label": "Leaching", "properties": { "id": "leaching", "name": "Leaching", "aka": [ "acid leaching", "reductive leaching" ], "section": "topic-recycling", "definition": "Dissolving the metals in black mass, usually in sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent so cobalt and manganese go into solution as their more soluble lower oxidation state. The leach liquor carries lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, plus impurities such as copper and aluminium.", "related": [ "hydrometallurgy", "black-mass", "solvent-extraction", "impurity-removal", "bioleaching", "deep-eutectic-solvent" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/leaching/", "mentions": [ "oxidation", "cobalt", "pregnant-leach-solution", "reducing-agent", "manganese" ] } }, { "id": "visual:recycling-chain", "type": "Visual", "label": "A route recovers the product of its steps", "properties": { "title": "A route recovers the product of its steps", "summary": "Each unit passes on a share of what reaches it; the recovery through the route is their product.", "readout": "R = 0.920 × 0.980 × 0.990 × 0.980 = 0.875, 2.5 points under the 90 % the EU asks for cobalt, nickel and copper by the end of 2027. With the other factors fixed, the black-mass yield reaches that row from 0.947.", "formula": "R = y_black mass × η_leach × (1 − c_cake) × r_extraction", "note": "Each factor is held fixed and independent of the others, and metal that is not lost is counted as product. Real plants trade the factors off, and product purity is not modelled. The defaults are the study’s cited process figures for nickel and cobalt.", "software": { "status": "reference", "label": "Reference concept", "body": "battery-core does not model recycling. The Lemonergy closed-loop recycling study runs this chain on a returned fleet, unit by unit, with each default taken from a cited paper.", "href": "../glossary/#topic-recycling" }, "html": "
Share of the metal not yet lost, unit by unit
Share of the metal not yet lost, unit by unitUnit: 0 feed, 1 shred and separate, 2 leach, 3 purify, 4 solvent extraction versus Share of the feed (%). Not yet lost; EU row for 2027: 90 %; EU row for 2031: 95 %. Interpretation follows the graphs.8008519029531004Unit: 0 feed, 1 shred andseparate, 2 leach, 3 purify, 4solvent extractionShare of the feed (%)
Not yet lostEU row for 2027: 90 % (dashed)EU row for 2031: 95 %
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Chain recovery against black-mass yield
Chain recovery against black-mass yieldBlack-mass yield versus Chain recovery (%). Chain recovery; EU row for 2027: 90 %; EU row for 2031: 95 %. Interpretation follows the graphs.700.877.50.85850.992.50.951001Black-mass yieldChain recovery (%)
Chain recoveryEU row for 2027: 90 % (dashed)EU row for 2031: 95 %
" } } ] }