Prussian blue analogue

Example

Use in Lemonergy

Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.

This is a reference concept. No executable Lemonergy block has been verified for this term.

Connected concepts

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Ammonium-ion battery

An aqueous battery whose charge carrier is the ammonium ion, NH₄⁺, a light, non-metallic cation that hops through host lattices by forming and breaking hydrogen bonds. Hosts include Prussian blue analogues, molybdenum and vanadium oxides and organic polyimides. It is cheap and non-flammable but still at the research stage, held back by low voltage.

Cathode active material

The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.

Moisture content

The water left in electrodes, separator and electrolyte, measured by Karl Fischer titration and specified in the low hundreds of parts per million or below. Water forms HF with the salt, which attacks the positive electrode and the SEI.

Potassium-ion battery

A rocking-chair cell shuttling K⁺ ions. Unlike sodium, potassium intercalates into ordinary graphite, forming KC₈ at 279 mAh/g, and its low redox potential allows high cell voltage; potassium is also abundant. The large ion makes graphite swell by about 60 % and strains positives, so Prussian blue analogues with wide channels lead as cathodes.

Sodium-ion battery

A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative and a layered-oxide (NFM), polyanionic (NFPP, NVP) or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium or cobalt and needs no copper foil, so it can be stored at 0 V, at the cost of lower energy density.

References & further reading

Further reading on this topic

These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.

1. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

   Jang Wook Choi, Doron Aurbach · Nature Reviews Materials · 2016

   Topic background · Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.

2. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

   Sandia National Laboratories · 2013

   Topic background · Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.