Battery knowledge · Modules, packs and battery management
Module
A group of cells connected in series and parallel, mechanically held together with its own voltage and temperature sensing, built as the unit from which a pack is assembled and serviced. Cell-to-pack designs do away with it.
Example
Series voltage and parallel capacity
4S2P: 8 cells, 14.8 V, 10 Ah, 148 Wh.
Identical 3.7 V, 5 Ah cells; ideal equal current sharing and no losses.
Explore the graph
Count series and parallel connections separately.
4S2P: 8 cells, 14.8 V, 10 Ah, 148 Wh.
V_pack = Ns V_cell; Q_pack = Np Q_cell
Illustrative model. Identical 3.7 V, 5 Ah cells; ideal equal current sharing and no losses.
Use in Lemonergy
Lemonergy Studio blocks
Battery module worked example
Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.
Blocks to use
- Battery module
Builds an explicit series/parallel hierarchy with a separate SOC, two RC voltages and temperature for every cell. Subtree voltage/resistance reduction and Kirchhoff current sharing determine each cell current. Optional thermal links exchange equal and opposite heat. Per-cell overrides introduce controlled variation.
Inputs & settings
- Use the parameter values in the block reference.
- Bundled example verified on the production release of 28 October 2026.
This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.
- Review the block inputs, units and model limits.
- Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.
- Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again.
Example. Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 6 A, Cell ambient temperatures = [298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15, 298.15] K, External cell heat inputs = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 10.92 V. Additional checks are listed below.
Observe. Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.
Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.
Open Studio example →Lemonergy Studio blocks
Module assembly worked example
Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.
Blocks to use
- Module assembly
Builds an explicit series/parallel hierarchy with a separate SOC, two RC voltages and temperature for every cell. Subtree voltage/resistance reduction and Kirchhoff current sharing determine each cell current. Optional thermal links exchange equal and opposite heat. Per-cell overrides introduce controlled variation.
Inputs & settings
- Use the parameter values in the block reference.
- Bundled example verified on the production release of 28 October 2026.
This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.
- Review the block inputs, units and model limits.
- Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.
- Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again.
Example. Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 6 A, Cell ambient temperatures = 12 channels each 298.15 K, External cell heat inputs = 12 channels each 0 W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 21.84 V. Additional checks are listed below.
Observe. Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.
Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.
Open Studio example →Lemonergy Studio blocks
Battery pack assembly worked example
Generated series/parallel cell hierarchy with individual SOC, RC and temperature states, KCL current sharing and optional thermal links. Causal pack-current boundary.
Blocks to use
- Battery pack assembly
Builds an explicit series/parallel hierarchy with a separate SOC, two RC voltages and temperature for every cell. Subtree voltage/resistance reduction and Kirchhoff current sharing determine each cell current. Optional thermal links exchange equal and opposite heat. Per-cell overrides introduce controlled variation.
Inputs & settings
- Use the parameter values in the block reference.
- Bundled example verified on the production release of 28 October 2026.
This overview identifies the components to use. Follow the example in Lemonergy for their connections and settings.
- Review the block inputs, units and model limits.
- Open the Studio example and run its bundled model.
- Compare the output channels with the numerical checks; change one input and run again.
Example. Use the defaults below with Signed pack current = 12 A, Cell ambient temperatures = 24 channels each 298.15 K, External cell heat inputs = 24 channels each 0 W. At 0 s, Pack terminal voltage is 21.84 V. Additional checks are listed below.
Observe. Inspect the outputs and numerical checks on the block reference page.
Bounded to 256 cells with the supported series/parallel construction. External pack current is imposed causally; no arbitrary geometry, conserving terminal adapter or topology reconfiguration. Each cell parameter set still needs characterization. The example verifies numerical behavior for synthetic parameters. Cell characterization and validation for an intended use are separate tasks.
Open Studio example →Learn it in Lesson 0 · Battery basics →
All connected Lemonergy block references
References & further reading
Further reading on this topic
These sources provide broader context; they are not presented as citations for every statement in this entry.
- Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 2. Modeling and identification
Gregory L. Plett · Journal of Power Sources · 2004
Topic background · Battery charge balance, open-circuit voltage, ohmic loss, polarization dynamics and model identification; parameters require cell-specific data.
- Getting Started with the BQ76925
Texas Instruments · 2019
Topic background · A concrete BMS analog front-end example: cell voltage, current, temperature measurement and MCU integration.